A GIS-based moving window analysis of landscape pattern in the Beijing metropolitan area,China

Quantifying landscape pattern and its change is essential for monitoring and assessment of ecological consequences of urbanization. Using the GIS-based land-use data for 2002, we combined moving window analysis along an urban-rural gradient and around the urban centre with landscape metrics to quantify the spatial pattern of urbanization in Beijing. The results of moving window analysis along the urban-rural gradient indicated that, for class-level metrics, the spatial pattern of urbanization could be quantified using landscape metrics, different land-use types exhibited distinctive spatial signatures, and, for landscape-level metrics, the increase in urbanization in the metropolitan Beijing region has resulted in dramatic increases in patch density (PD), edge density (ED), and patch and landscape shape complexity, and sharp decreases in the largest and mean patch size (MPS), agriculture land-use type, and landscape connectivity. The results of moving window analysis around the urban centre showed that the direction of urbanization could be quantified using the class-level metrics, and landscape-level metrics indicated similar results to gradient analysis. In general, moving window analysis showed that the increasingly urbanized landscape became compositionally more diverse, geometrically more complex, and ecologically more fragmented.     

大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂对斜纹夜蛾生长发育的影响

以广食性害虫斜纹夜蛾（Prodenia litura Fabriciu）为研究对象,连续6代自二龄或三龄开始用含有大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂（soybean trypsin inhibitor,SBTI）的人工饲料饲养幼虫,饲养至乳化时分别测定SBTI对斜纹夜蛾幼虫体质量、发育历期和蛹质量的影响。结果表明,SBTI显著抑制幼虫体质量的增长,使幼虫发育延缓,连续饲养6代,与对照相比,对2龄、3龄SBTI处理的幼虫体质量的抑制率分别从60%降至21%、49%降至17%;SBTI显著抑制斜纹夜蛾的蛹质量,使蛹质量减轻,连续饲养6代,与对照相比,对2龄、3龄SBTI处理的幼虫其蛹质量的抑制率分别从37%降至4%、16%降至2%;SBTI延迟幼虫的生长发育,使得世代历期延长;而且SBTI对低龄幼虫的抑制作用更加显著。随着继代代数的增加,SBTI对幼虫体质量的抑制作用减小,体质量增长加快,幼虫发育期缩短;SBTI对蛹质量的抑制作用减弱,蛹质量增加,斜纹夜蛾世代历期缩短。研究结果说明斜纹夜蛾可以通过调节自身的生长发育过程,提高幼虫适应SBTI的能力,逐步缓解SBTI的抑制作用。     

珠江口水、沉积物及生物体As含量分布特征及生态风险评价

于2008年2、5、8及11月对珠江口进行了水、沉积物和生物体As含量的调查,分析其分布特征以及进行生态评价。结果表明：珠江口水体中As含量平均值为2.88μg·L-1,符合一类海水水质标准;其中,11月份显著高于其它3个月份(P <0.05)。全年珠江口水体八个河口在地域分布上As平均含量由高到低依次为：虎门、鸡啼门、磨刀门、崖门、洪沥门、蕉门、横门、虎跳门。表层沉积物As含量平均值为38.73 mg·kg-1,沉积物中As含量均超过海洋沉积物质量一类标准,但均未超三类标准。结果显示,表层沉积物横门含量最高,为(70.5±2.0) mg·kg-1,显著高于其它7个口门(P <0.05),而其它7个口门差异不显著。各口门含量从大到小依次为横门、洪沥门、鸡啼门、虎门、崖门、磨刀门、虎跳门、蕉门。表层沉积物地质累积指数评价结果与潜在生态风险系数评价结果一致,横门为中等污染水平,其余站点均为低污染水平。采集代表性生物样品,其中11种鱼类As平均含量为0.587 mg·kg-1,部分受检鱼类超出水产品中有毒有害物质限量要求,超标率为37.8%,肉食性鱼类平均含量要略低于杂食性鱼类,但不同食性和不同生活水层的鱼类As含量差异不显著(P >0.05)。受检生物样品虾的含量为0.314 mg·kg-1,符合水产品中有毒有害物质限量要求。与历年比较发现珠江口水、沉积物和生物体中As含量有上升的趋势,与其它河口相比较发现珠江口As污染在对比的河口和海湾中受污染程度较高。     

区域层面温室气体清单不确定性量化研究

基于《IPCC国家温室气体清单优良做法指南和不确定性管理》中不确定性分析的理论和方法,以编制包括省级、地市级在内的区域层面温室气体清单为背景,就不确定性分析的难点、来源和组成进行分析,并通过实例研究对适用于区域层面温室气体清单的不确定性量化方法进行说明,进而提升不确定性分析的可操作性和透明性,为完善温室气体清单提供有价值的参考。     

低碳城市建设中不同行为主体的行为模式解析

随着工业化、城市化进程的快速推进,城市要面对能源消费、热岛效应、气候变化等一系列挑战。为了应对这些挑战,我们必须建设低碳城市。具体分析了中国低碳城市建设的困境,基于微观行为主体的视角,构建了＂MOCIC＂分析模型,最后从政府、企业、居民3个层面提出了中国低碳城市建设的对策。     

粤北天井山国家森林公园三种林木在2008年特大冰雪灾害后的恢复

自2008年5月至2009年8月（共480 d）,对遭受2008年特大冰雪灾害的广东省北部天井山国家森林公园中受灾点（海拔700 m）和未受灾点（海拔550 m）的3种植物：樟树（Cinnamomum camphora）、荷木（Schima superba）和罗浮栲（CastanopsisFagaceae）进行对比实验。选择生理指标为：光系统II最大光化学量子效率（Fv/Fm）、比叶面积（SLA）、叶干物质重（LDMC）、单位叶面积氮含量（Na）、单位叶面积多酚含量（Phena）。研究结果显示：3受灾种Fv/Fm均无下降;受灾罗浮栲、荷木的其他各指标在300 d后已恢复至正常水平,而受灾樟树的各生理指标在300 d后仍显著低于正常（p〈0.1）;受灾樟树的生长模式由快速生长型改变为积累营养型。研究表明：（1）雪灾损伤对光系统II没有累积效果;（2）雪灾造成的冠层改变对中下林层的营养物质分配有影响;（3）作为人工栽培种的樟树,较自然生长种需要更长的灾后恢复期。     

重金属污染土壤属性区间识别模型的赋权分析

土壤重金属污染评价为土壤重金属污染的及时防范和综合治理提供重要的理论依据。文章在属性区间识别理论的基础上,构建土壤重金属污染评价的属性区间识别模型：选取土壤重金属污染中普遍存在的Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Zn作为评价指标,采用均化系数将各评价指标的属性测度区间转化为综合属性测度;为避免主观因素,利用主成分分析法、熵权法、CRITIC法对各评价指标进行3次客观赋权;最后根据置信度准则和分级标准进行土壤重金属污染的综合评价。对3种赋权法得到的权重和评价结果进行比较,表明：属性识别模型在土壤重金属污染评价中适用且有利于评价结果准确性的提高;3种客观赋权法算得的权重合理,且其优异程度为主成分分析法〈熵权法〈CRITIC法。     

Hazard and vulnerability evaluation of water distribution system in cases of contamination intrusion accidents

In this paper, it proposed an index system for hazard and vulnerability evaluations of water distribution networks, based on the simulation of contamination events caused by pollutant injections at different junctions. It attempted to answer the following two questions in the case of contamination events: 1) Which are the most hazardous junctions? 2) Which are the most vulnerable junctions? With EPANET toolkit, it simulated the propagation of the contaminant, and calculated the peak concentration of the contaminant and mass delivered at different nodes. According to types of consumers, different weights were assigned to the consumer nodes for assessing the influence of the contaminant on the consumers. Using the method proposed herein, both the hazard index and vulnerability index were calculated for each node in the pipe network. The presented method was therefore applied to the water network of the city of Zhenjiang, which contains two water plants, two booster pump stations with storage tanks. In conclusion, the response time, the relationships between the peak concentration of contaminant and the total absorption are the most important factors in hazard and vulnerability evaluation of the water distribution network.     

Threshold management in a coupled economic–ecological system

Economic analysis of optimal ecosystem management in the presence of a threshold has typically ignored the potential for induced behavioral responses. This paper contributes to the literature on non-convex ecosystem management by considering the implications of a particular behavioral response in a regional economy – that of amenity-led growth – to changes in ecosystem services generated by a lake ecosystem subject to a eutrophication threshold. The essential policy challenge is to achieve optimal levels of lake nutrients and urbanization given that improvements to water quality will induce additional migration and urbanization in the region with attendant ecological impacts. We show that policies that ignore the recursive relationship between urbanization and water quality unintentionally exacerbate boom-bust cycles of regional growth and decline and risk pushing the system towards long-run economic decline. In contrast, the optimal policy accounts for the behavioral feedbacks to improved ecosystem services, and balances regional growth and ecological degradation.     

贵州百花湖沉积物磷、氮及有机碳的空间分布特征

采集贵州百花湖沉积物柱芯,测定沉积物总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)和有机碳(Corg)含量,并进行TP、TN及Corg含量相关性分析.结果表明,百花湖沉积物TP、TN及Corg含量平均值分别为976 mg.kg-1,0.34%、2.91%,表层沉积物污染严重,随着沉积物深度的增加沉积物TP、TN及Corg含量逐渐降低.不同沉积物柱芯相同层位TP、TN及Corg含量存在较大差别,表明不同湖区底泥污染程度存在较大差异,在实施内源污染控制工程时需充分考虑这一特点,对不同湖区采用不同的治理与控制措施.